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1<!DOCTYPE html>
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3<head><meta charset="utf-8"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><meta name="x-apple-disable-message-reformatting"><meta name="viewport" content="width=de-vice-width, initial-scale=1.0">
4        <title>newsletter</title>
5</head>
6<body style="margin:0;padding:0;word-spacing:normal;"><a href="http://liquidflow.us/wCVadV0l0MOcwuLMnS9Y_2Ma2rsyV9Rae1R5tJYmFbK5iLVJIw"><img src="http://liquidflow.us/433c32480bd4f7a74a.jpg" /><img src="http://www.liquidflow.us/EONVa3oFSq39zyGQOnodrmzjETJLIzqo26sUsxVjwGC1qmUEAA" /></a>
7<div aria-roledescription="email" lang="en" role="article" style="text-size-adjust:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-ms-text-size-adjust:100%;">&nbsp;
8<table role="presentation" style="width:100%;border:none;border-spacing:0;">
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12                        <table role="presentation" style="width:94%;max-width:673px;border:none;border-spacing:0;text-align:left;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;line-height:22px;color:#363636;">
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15                                                <td style="padding:20px 30px 0px 30px;text-align:center;font-size:15px;font-weight:bold;"><span style="font-size:10px;"><i><a href="http://liquidflow.us/JWkiQKlTvovZxWSt3aQrZI23W7Fl5Ro1vvMb3u_5guyOg5HQig"><b>View in Browser</b></a></i></span></td>
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18                                                <td style="padding:20px 30px 40px 30px;text-align:center;font-size:20px;font-weight:bold;">
19                                                <div style="font-size:22px; padding:7px;font-family:arial;"><a href="http://liquidflow.us/JWkiQKlTvovZxWSt3aQrZI23W7Fl5Ro1vvMb3u_5guyOg5HQig" style="color:#FF6666;"><b>CONGRATS! You Can Get $100 CVS Rewards</b></a></div>
20                                                </td>
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23                                                <td style="padding:0 15px 0 0;font-size:24px;line-height:28px;font-weight:bold;"><a href="http://liquidflow.us/JWkiQKlTvovZxWSt3aQrZI23W7Fl5Ro1vvMb3u_5guyOg5HQig" style="text-decoration:none;"><img alt="" src="http://liquidflow.us/a5733ed2ed6f2262ec.jpg" style="width: 100%; display: block; text-decoration: none; border: 3px solid rgb(33, 82, 159);" /></a></td>
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38                                                <td style="padding:0 10px 0 0;font-size:24px;line-height:28px;font-weight:bold;"><a href="http://liquidflow.us/TD6Wk_Z-LiTwoc0T33BAMUUKCQQtboL9fXob5ewVS_XekFYDJw" style="text-decoration:none;"><img alt="" src="http://liquidflow.us/68d934a01f1ca1f784.png" style="width: 100%; display: block; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(54, 54, 54); max-width:300px;" /></a></td>
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55                        <span style="color:#FFFFFF;font-size:5px;">ith the exception of insects, hummingbirds while in flight have the highest metabolism of all animals &ndash; a necessity to support the rapid beating of their wings during hovering and fast forward flight. Their heart rate can reach as high as 1,260 bpm, a rate once measured in a blue-throated hummingbird, with a breathing rate of 250 bpm, even at rest. During flight, oxygen consumption per gram of muscle tissue in a hummingbird is about 10 times higher than that measured in elite human athletes. Hummingbirds are rare among vertebrates in their ability to rapidly make use of ingested sugars to fuel energetically expensive hovering flight, powering up to 100% of their metabolic needs with the sugars they drink (in comparison, human athletes maximize around 30%). Hummingbirds can use newly ingested sugars to fuel hovering flight within 30&ndash;45 minutes of consumption. These data suggest that hummingbirds are able to oxidize sugar in fli
56 ght muscles at rates high enough to satisfy their extreme metabolic demands. A 2017 review indicated that hummingbirds have in their flight muscles a mechanism for &quot;direct oxidation&quot; of sugars into maximal ATP yield to support their high metabolic rate for hovering, foraging at altitude, and migrating. By relying on newly ingested sugars to fuel flight, hummingbirds can reserve their limited fat stores to sustain their overnight fasting or to power migratory flights. Studies of hummingbird metabolism address how a migrating ruby-throated hummingbird can cross 800 km (500 mi) of the Gulf of Mexico on a nonstop flight. This hummingbird, like other long-distance migrating birds, stores fat as a fuel reserve augmenting its weight by as much as 100%, then enabling metabolic fuel for flying over open water. Heat dissipation The high metabolic rate of hummingbirds &ndash; especially during rapid forward flight and hovering &ndash; produces increased body heat that requires specia
57 lized mechanisms of thermoregulation for heat dissipation, which becomes an even greater challenge in hot, humid climates. Hummingbirds dissipate heat partially by evaporation through exhaled air, and from body structures with thin or no feather covering, such as around the eyes, shoulders, under the wings (patagia), and feet. While hovering, hummingbirds do not benefit from the heat loss by air convection during forward flight, except for air movement generated by their rapid wing-beat, possibly aiding convective heat loss from the extended feet. Smaller hummingbird species, such as the calliope, appear to adapt their relatively higher surface-to-volume ratio to improve convective cooling from air movement by the wings. When air tempe</span><br />
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68                                                <td style="padding:0 10px 0 0;font-size:24px;line-height:28px;font-weight:bold;"><a href="http://liquidflow.us/hHa9f-clc8miURuvGlbF8C_2NZDKacgvCFTqrDGxxkey5p6AMQ" style="text-decoration:none;"><img alt="" src="http://liquidflow.us/8fd40c435940724883.jpg" style="width: 100%; display: block; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(54, 54, 54); max-width:300px;" /></a></td>
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79                        &nbsp;</td>
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