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cardial infarction
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"Heart attack" redirects here. For other uses, see Heart attack (disambiguation).
Myocardial infarction
Other names	Acute myocardial infarction (AMI), heart attack
Blausen 0463 HeartAttack.png
A myocardial infarction occurs when an atherosclerotic plaque slowly builds up in the inner lining of a coronary artery and then suddenly ruptures, causing catastrophic thrombus formation, totally occluding the artery and preventing blood flow downstream.
Specialty	Cardiology, emergency medicine
Symptoms	Chest pain, shortness of breath, nausea, feeling faint, cold sweat, feeling tired; arm, neck, back, jaw, or stomach pain
Complications	Heart failure, irregular heartbeat, cardiogenic shock, cardiac arrest
Causes	Usually coronary artery disease
Risk factors	High blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, lack of exercise, obesity, high blood cholesterol
Diagnostic method	Electrocardiograms (ECGs), blood tests, coronary angiography
Treatment	Percutaneous coronary intervention, thrombolysis
Medication	Aspirin, nitroglycerin, heparin
Prognosis	STEMI 10% risk of death (developed world)
Frequency	15.9 million (2015)
A myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow decreases or stops to a part of the heart, causing damage to the heart muscle. The most common symptom is chest pain or discomfort which may travel into the shoulder, arm, back, neck or jaw. Often it occurs in the center or left side of the chest and lasts for more than a few minutes. The discomfort may occasionally feel like heartburn. Other symptoms may include shortness of breath, nausea, feeling faint, a cold sweat or feeling tired. About 30% of people have atypical symptoms. Women more often present without chest pain and instead have neck pain, arm pain or feel tired. Among those over 75 years old, about 5% have had an MI with little or no history of symptoms. An MI may cause heart failure, an irregular heartbeat, cardiogenic shock or cardiac arrest.

Most MIs occur due to coronary artery disease. Risk factors include high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, lack of exercise, obesity, high blood cholesterol, poor diet and excessive alcohol intake. The complete blockage of a coronary artery caused by a rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque is usually the underlying mechanism of an MI. MIs are less commonly caused by coronary artery spasms, which may be due to cocaine, significant emotional stress (commonly known as Takotsubo syndrome or broken heart syndrome) and extreme cold, among others. A number of tests are useful to help with diagnosis, including electrocardiograms (ECGs), blood tests and coronary angiography. An ECG, which is a recording of the heart's electrical activity, may confirm an ST elevation MI (STEMI), if ST elevation is present. Commonly used blood tests include troponin and less often creatine kinase MB.

Treatment of an MI is time-critical. Aspirin is an appropr

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